Un sujet vaste la castration!!

Les dangers de la castration...
Consentement éclairé!
Stérilisation, castration, gonadectomie...

© Dr Joël Dehasse,
Rédaction et adaptations: 1 juillet 2019, 1 avril 2020, 18 mai 2023
 

La castration, = gonadectomie = ablation chirurgicale des gonades (testicules, ovaires), est banalisée depuis des dizaines d'années. Elle est réalisée pour empêcher la reproduction (=stérilisation). Elle est souvent réalisée pour prévenir des affections (cancer mammaire) et modifier des comportements sexuels gênants (chevauchement sexuel, marquage urinaire, copulation).
Pourtant la gonadectomie n'est pas sans conséquences négatives ni sans danger pour la santé physique et mentale du chien.
La gonadectomie est tellement délétère que la WSAVA a proposé fin 2024 de nouvelles directives, et que des pays de plus en plus nombreux l'interdisent, en tant que maltraitance.

Toutes les informations ci-dessous ont été publiées, avec les références des articles scientifiques, dans mon livre numérique (Kindle) : La stérilisation du chien. Pour ou contre ? I'M éditions, Kindle Amazon, janvier 2017. 95 pages.
 

Effets comportementaux de la gonadectomie

Les % sont des données statistiques.
Comportements sexuels : marquage urinaire, chevauchements, copulation, masturbation : réduction importante chez 35% des chiens, réduction partielle à nulle chez 65% des chiens.
Victime de harcèlement sexuel : le chien mâle castré attire sexuellement les chiens mâles intacts, la chienne ovariectomisée souffre souvent de vulvite, vaginite, dermite périvulvaire, qui engendre des odeurs à attrait sexuel.
Agressivité (en général) : +30% (augmentation statistique de 30%)
Agressivité envers les humains non-familiers : +20 à 30%
Agressivité envers les humains familiers : +200% à +300%
Agressivité envers les enfants : +400%
Agression entre chiennes en chaleurs : réduction possible de récidive.
Coprophagie : +60%
Démence sénile : plus précoce, évolution plus rapide
Léchage des objets / gens: +30%
Léchage de soi-même: autoléchage: +40 à +50%
Mendicité alimentaire : +30 à 60%
Peurs: +30 à 70%
Peur de l'orage: +400% (étude chez le Vizsla)
Sensibilité au contact : +200% ; chez le Rottweiler: +460%
Vocalisations: +30%
 

Effets organiques / physiopathologiques de la gonadectomie

Les % sont des données statistiques.
Obésité : +150% (chienne) à +300% (mâle)
Mamelles : cancer : réduit (% variable)
Vagin, vulve: vaginite, vulvite, infection périvulvaire: augmenté
Vessie : cystite: +300% (chienne)
Prostate: hyperplasie bénigne et inflammation: réduction
Prostate: cancer : +400 à 800%
Vessie, rein: urolithiase: à struvite : +300% (chienne)
Vessie: incontinence urinaire (chienne): +1000% à 3000%
Pancréas: pancréatite: +2200% (chienne)
Diabète: +200% (mâle)
Thyroïde: hypothyroïdie: +300% (réf.)
Os, articulations : effet de la gonadectomie réalisée avant l'âge adulte: +300 à 500%
Dysplasie de la hanche : +200%
Ligaments croisés (du genou): distension ou rupture: + 200%
Rotule, luxation de la: +300%
Cancers: en moyenne +300 à +500% sauf cancer mammaire: réduit.
Ostéosarcome: +220 à 400%
Hémangiosarcome (rate, cœur): +160% (mâle) à +500% à +900% (chienne)
Lymphosarcome: +250% (mâle) à 500% (chienne)
Cancer de la peau: mastocytome, etc.: +300 à 600%
Carcinome de la vessie : +300%
Métrite, pyomètre: réduit, supprimé si hystérectomie.
 

Pourquoi la gonadectomie cause-t-elle autant de pathologies ?
Les scientifiques ne savent pas encore…
Mon hypothèse : tentative de sauvetage hormonal par synthèse d'hormones sexuelles par le foie, la graisse viscérale, les surrénales (et autres tissus), avec rupture de l'équilibre entre cette vingtaine d'hormones sexuelles, dont production d'hormones cancérigènes.
En plus, dérégulation des organes (dont les cellules ont des récepteurs aux hormones sexuelles) : neurologie, immunologie, endocrinologie.
Par exemple : importance des oestrogène pour la mémorisation, modification de l'humeur et des émotions par les hormones sexuelles.
Par exemple, l’importance de la testostérone pour l’activité de l’enzyme déiodinase-1 qui convertit T4 en T3 au niveau tissulaire, entraînant, par manque de testostérone, une hypothyroïdie fonctionnelle.

 

Alternatives à la gonadectomie

Réduction / suppression des comportements sexuels :
• Implant desloréline : occasionnel
• Cyprotérone par cures occasionnelles de 6 semaines

Stérilisation chirurgicale, avec maintien des hormones sexuelles :
• Vasectomie (mâle)
• Hystérectomie (chienne)

Toute chirurgie :
déconseillée avant l'âge adulte, trop stressante et effets épigénétiques désatreux pendant l'adolescence

Gonadectomie chirurgicale
Déconseillée avant l'âge adulte
Déconseillée chez les races à risque de cancer
Conseillée chez les races à risque de cancer mammaire
Déconseillée chez les chiens peureux, anxieux
Déconseillée chez les races à risque d'hypothyroïdie (thyroïdite autoimmune génétique)

Références des articles scientifiques

Pour les lecteurs qui imagineraient les données statistiques non fondées, voici les références des articles scientifiques, mises dans l’ordre d’apparition dans mon livre : La stérilisation du chien : pour ou contre ?
Certaines références se retrouvent plusieurs fois.
Pour les avoir dans leur contexte, référez vous au livre.

Effets organiques de la castration

 

• Silvan Roland Urfer von Burgistein. Lifespan and Causes of Death in the Irish Wolfhound: Medical, Genetical and Ethical Aspects. Inaugural Dissertation. University Bern. 2007, p.57, 58, 93. (PDF)
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• Waters David, Kengeri Seema, Clever Beth, Booth Julie, Maras Aimee, Schlittler Deborah, Hayek Michael. Exploring mechanisms of sex differences in longevity: lifetime ovary exposure and exceptional longevity in dogs. Aging Cell. Vol.8, issue 6, p.752-755, Dec.2009. Résumé.
• Waters David. A healthier respect for ovaries. Ovaries and Longevity. http://www.gpmcf.org/respectovaries.html
• Waters D., Kengeri S., Maras A., Chiang E. Probing the perils of dichotomous binning:How categorizing female dogs as spayed or intact can misinform our assumptions about the lifelong health consequences of ovariohysterectomy. Theriogenology; vo.76, Issue 8, Nov.2011, p.1496-1500. Résumé. PDF.
• Adams V., Watson P., Carmichael S., Gerry S., Penell J., Morgan D. Exceptional longevity and potential determinants of successful ageing in a cohort of 39 Labrador retrievers: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2016 58:29. Résumé. PDF.
• Bermingham E., Thomas D, et alii. Energy Requirements of Adult Dogs: A Meta-Analysis. PLOS one, oct.14, 2014. Résumé & texte complet.
• Mc Greevy P., Thomson P., et alii. Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved. Veterinary Record 2005; 156: 696-702. Résumé.
• Lund E., Armstrong P. et alii. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practices. Inter J Appl Res Vet Med, vol.4, n°2, 2006 pp.177-186. Résumé. PDF.
• Lefebvre S., Yang M. et alii. Effetc of age at gonadectomy on the probability of dogs becoming overweight. JAVMA V.243, n°2, July 15, 2013, pp. 236-243. Résumé. PDF.
• Maarschalkerweerd R. et alii. Influence of orchiectomy on canine behaviour. The Veterinary record, June 14, 1997:617-619. PDF.
• Zwida K., Kutzler MA. Non-reproductive long-term health complications of gonad removal in dogs as well as possible causal relationships with post-gonadectomy elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Journal of Etiology and Animal health, Vol.1, n°1, March 2016. PDF: crescopublications.org/pdf/JEAH/JEAH-1-002.pdf
• Lawler D., Larson B. et alii. Diet restriction and ageingin the dog : major observations over two decades. British Journal of Nutrition Vol.99, issue 04, April 2008, pp.793-805. Résumé. PDF.
• Merlo D., Rossis L. et alii. Cancer Incidence in Pet Dogs : Findings of the Animal Tumor Registry of Genoa, Italy. Journal of Internal Medicine. Vol.22, n°4, July-Aug. 2008, pp. 976-984. Résumé et texte.
• Grieco V., Riccardi E. et alii. Canine Testicular Tumours: a study on 232 dogs. Journal of Comparative Pathology, vol.138, n°1-2, Feb.-Ar.2008, pp.86-89.
• Nascimento E., Santos R. Patologia da reproduçao dos animais domesticos. 1997, in Mattos M. et alii. Cryptorchidism in dog. Ciência Animal 2000, 10 (1):61-70.
• Liao Albert, Chu Pei-Yi et alii. A 12-Year Retrospective Study of Canine Testicular Tumors. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. Vol.71 (2009) n°7 July pp.919-923. Résumé. PDF.
• Van Goethem B. et alii. Making a rational choice between ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in the dog: a discussion of the benefits of either technique. Veterinary Surgery. 35:136-143, 2006.
• Fukuda S. Incidence of Pyometra in Colony-raised Beagle Dogs. Exp. Anim.50 (4) 325-329, 2001. Résumé. PDF.
• Egenvall A. et alii. Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs in Sweden. J Vet Med 15(6):530-538, 2001. In Fransson B., Ragle C. Canine Pyometra: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment. Compendium Vol.25, n°8, Aug. 2003. Pp.601-611. PDF.
• Bonnett B., et alii. Mortality in over 30,000 Insured Swedish dogs from 1995-2000: I. Breed-, Gender-, Age- and Cause-specific Rates. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2005 46: 105. Résumé & texte.
• Johnston S., Kapolmatana K.et alii. Prostatic disorders in the dog. Animal Reproduction Science, Vol.60-61, 2 July 2000. Pp. 405-415. Résumé. PDF.
• Teske E., Naam E. et alii. Canine prostate carcinoma: epidemiological evidence of an increased risk in castrated dogs. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 197 (2002) 251-255. Résumé. PDF.
• Maarschalkerweerd R. et alii. Influence of orchiectomy on canine behaviour. The Veterinary record, June 14, 1997:617-619. PDF.
• Bryan J., Keeler M., et alii. A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. The Prostate 67:1174-1181 (2007). Résumé. PDF.
• Salmeri K., Bloomberg M. et alii. Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association [1991, 198(7):1193-1203]. Résumé. PDF.
• Maarschalkerweerd R. et alii. Influence of orchiectomy on canine behaviour. The Veterinary record, June 14, 1997:617-619. PDF.
• Spain V., Scarlett J., Houpt K. Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. JAVMA Feb.1, 2004, vol.224, n°3, pp.380-387. Résumé. PDF.
• Okafor C., Pearl D. et alii. Risk factors associated with struvite urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care hospitals in the United States. JAVMA, Dec.15, 2013, Vol.243, n°12, pp.1737-1745. Résumé. PDF.
• Reichler IM, Hubler M. Urinary incontinence in the bitch: an update. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, vol.49, n°S2, June 2014, pp.75-80. Résumé et texte.
• Beauvais W., Cardwell J., Brodbelt D. The effect of neutering on the risk of urinary incontinence n bitches – a systematic review. JSAP vol.53, n°4, April 2012, pp.198-204. Résumé et texte.
• Lund E., Armstrong P. et alii. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Obesity in Adult Dogs from Private US Veterinary Practices. Inter J Appl Res Vet Med, vol.4, n°2, 2006 pp.177-186. PDF.
• Hess R. et alii. Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatic in dogs. JAVMA, vol.214, n°1, January 1, 1999 pp.45-51. PDF.
• Killingsworth CR, Walshaw R. et alii. Bacterial population and histologic changes in dogs with perianal fistula. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1988, 49 (10): 1736-1741. Résumé. PDF.
• Zwida K., Kutzler MA. Non-reproductive long-term health complications of gonad removal in dogs as well as possible causal relationships with post-gonadectomy elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Journal of Etiology and Animal health, Vol.1, n°1, March 2016. Résumé. PDF.
• Bellumori T. et alii. Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995–2010). JAVMA vol.242, n°11, June 1, 2013, pp.1549-1555. Résumé. PDF.
• Mlodawska A., Max A. et alii. Influence of gonadectomy on serum FT4 concentration in male and female dogs. Electronic Joural of Polish Agricultural Universities. 2014, vol.17, n°1. Résumé. PDF. http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume17/issue1/art-01.html
• Dehkordi R., Parchami A. Effect of orchidectomy and chronic androgen administration on thyroid gland in adult male dogs : a light and electron microscopic study. World Applied Sciences Journal 11 (3): 289-294, 2010.
• Günzel-Appel A., Seefeldt A. et alii. Effects of ganodectomy on prolactin and LH secretion and the pituitary-thyroid axis in male dogs. Theriogenology. March 15, 2009. Vol.71, n°5, pp.746-753. Résumé. PDF.
• Powers M. et alii. Prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in a population of dogs with lameness previously attributed to hip dysplasia: 369 cases (1994–2003). JAVMA October 1, 2005, Vol. 227, No. 7, Pages 1109-1111. Résumé. PDF.
• Hart B. et alii. Long-Term Health Effects of Neutering Dogs: Comparison of Labrador Retrievers with Golden Retrievers. PLOS One. July 14, 2014. Résumé et texte.
• Hart B et alii. Neutering of German Shepherd Dogs: associated joint disorders, cancers and urinary incontinence. Veterinary Medicine and Science. Volume 2, Issue 3, August 2016, Pages 191–199. Résumé et texte.
• Salmeri K., Bloomberg M et alii. Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association [1991, 198(7):1193-1203] Résumé. PDF.
• Spain V., Scarlett J., Houpt K. Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. JAVMA Feb.1, 2004, vol.224, n°3, pp.380-387. Résumé. PDF.
• Witsberger T., et alii. Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. JAVMA June 15, 2008, Vol. 232, No. 12, pp. 1818-1824. Résumé. PDF.
• Torres de la Riva G. et alii. Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers. February 13, 2013. Résumé et texte.
• Paster E. et alii. Estimates of prevalence of hip dysplasia in Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers and the influence of bias on published prevalence figures. JAVMA. February 1, 2005, Vol. 226, No. 3, Pages 387-392. Résumé. PDF.
• Van Hagen M. et alii. Incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of Boxers. American Journal of Veterinary Research. February 2005, Vol. 66, No. 2, Pages 307-312. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.307.
• Impellizeri J. et alii. Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. JAVMA April 1, 2000, Vol. 216, No. 7, Pages 1089-1091. Résumé. PDF.
• Slauterbeck J. et alii. Canine Ovariohysterectomy and Orchiectomy Increases the Prevalence of ACL Injury. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. December 2004 - Volume 429 - Issue - pp 301-305. Résumé. PDF.
• Witsberger T., et alii. Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs. JAVMA June 15, 2008, Vol. 232, No. 12, pp. 1818-1824. Résumé. PDF.
• Torres de la Riva G. et alii. Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers. February 13, 2013. Résumé et texte.
• Vidoni B. et alii. Diagnostic and genetic aspects of patellar luxation in small and miniature breed dogs in Austria. Reprint Paper. European Journal of Companion Animal Practice. Vol. 16 (2) oct.2006. pp.149-160.
• Hoffman Jessica, Creevy Kate, Promislow Daniel. Reproductive Capability is Associated with Lifespan and Cause of Death in Companion Dogs. PLoS One. 2013; 8(4): e61082. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629191/
• Weinkle T. et alii. Evaluation of prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs : 151 cases (1993-2002). JAVMA 2005, 226(11):1869-1880. Résumé. PDF.
• Moore G. et alii. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. October 1, 2005, Vol. 227, No. 7, Pages 1102-1108. Résumé. PDF.
• Dobson J. et alii. Canine Neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. JSAP (2002) 43, 240-246.
• Merlo DF. Et alii. Cancer incidence in pet dogs: finding of the animal tumor registry of Genoa, Italy. J Vet Intern Med. 2008:22:976-984
• Michell AR. Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease. The Veterinary Record 1999, 145(22):625-629. Résumé. PDF.
• Bonnett BN, Egenvall A. et alii. Mortality in insured Swedish dogs: rates and causes of death in various breeds. The Veterinary record. 1997, 141(2):40-44. Résumé. PDF.
• Dobson J. Breed-predispositions to cancer in pedigree dogs. Hindawi Publ. Corp. ISRN Vet. Science. Vol. 2013, Art. ID941275, pp.1-23. Résumé. Pdf.
• Adams VJ. Et alii. Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK. JSAP Vol.51, n°10, pp.512-524, 2010. Résumé. PDF.
• Beuchat C. Do dogs have more cancer than other mammals? Résumé, textes et graphes.
• Zink C., Farhoody P. et alii. Evaluation of the risk and age of onset of cancer and behavioural disorders in gonadectomized Vizslas. JAVMA vol.244, n°3, Feb. 1, 2014, pp. 309-319. Résumé. PDF.
• Merlo DF. Et alii. Cancer incidence in pet dogs: finding of the animal tumor registry of Genoa, Italy. J Vet Intern Med. 2008:22:976-984.
• Dobson et alii. Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. JSAP, vol.43, June 2002. 240-246.
• Egenvall A.et alii. Incidence of and survival after mammary tumors in a population of over 80,000 insured female dogs in Sweden from 1995 to 2002. Preventive Veterinary Medicine vol.69 (1-2) June 2005, pp.109-127. Résumé. PDF.
• Moe L. Population-based incidence of mammary tumours in some dog breeds. Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement 57:439-43 · February 2001. Résumé. PDF.
• Zink C. et alii. Op cit. Calcul de 11 chiennes avec tumeur mammaire, sur 1360 chiennes, observées pendant 16 ans, soit 11/1360/16*100000.
• Howe L. Current perspectives on the optimal age to spay/castrate dogs and cats. Veterinary Medicine: Research and reports. 2015:6 171-180. Résumé. PDF:
• McKenzie B. et alii. Evaluating the benefits and risks of neutering dogs and cats. CAB Reviews: Perspective in Agriculture, veterinary Sciences… 2010 (5) No.045. Résumé. PDF.
• Schneider R. et alii. Factors Influencing Canine Mammary Cancer Development and Postsurgical Survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Vol.43, n°6 pp.1249-1261. Résumé. PDF.
• Polton G. Mammary tumours in dogs. Continuing education. Irish Veterinary Journal 62(1) 50-56. Résumé. PDF.
• Beauvais, W., Cardwell, J. M. and Brodbelt, D. C. (2012), The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs – a systematic review. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 53: 314–322. Résumé. PDF.
• Polton D. op cit.
• Sorenmo K. et alii. Effect of Spaying and Timing of Spaying on Survival of Dogs with Mammary Carcinoma.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14(3):266-70 · May 2000. Résumé. PDF.
• Dobson JM. Op cit. Résumé.
• Egenvall, et alii. Bone tumors in a population of 400.000 insured Swedish dogs up to 10 y of age: incidence and survival. The Canadian Journal of veterinary Research 2007;71:292-299.
• Ru G. et alii. Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma. The Veterinary Journal 156(1) July 1998, 31-39. Résumé. PDF.
• Anfinsen K. et alii. Breed-specific incidence rates of canine primary bone tumors — A population based survey of dogs in Norway. Source: Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, Volume 75, Number 3, July 2011, pp. 209-215(7). Résumé. PDF.
• Cooley D, et alii. Endogenous Gonadal Hormone Exposure and Bone Sarcoma Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev November 2002 11; 1434. Résumé. PDF.
• Zinc C. op cit.
• Torres de la Riva G. op cit. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055937#pone-0055937-g001
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• Dobson. 2002 op cit.
• Zink. 2014 op cit http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.244.3.309
• Torres G. 2013. Op cit. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055937
• Dobson. 2002. Op cit.
• Villamil A et alii. Identification of the most common cutaneous neoplasms in dogs and evaluation of breed and age distributions for selected neoplasms. JAVMA 2011, 239(7): 960-965. http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.239.7.960
• Carrie R. White, Ann E. Hohenhaus, Jennifer Kelsey, and Elizabeth Procter-Gray (2011) Cutaneous MCTs: Associations with Spay/Neuter Status, Breed, Body Size, and Phylogenetic Cluster. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association: May/June 2011, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 210-216. http://www.jaaha.org/doi/abs/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5621
• Torres G. 2013. op cit. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055937
• Zink C. 2004. op cit. http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.244.3.309
• Mutsaers A. et alii. Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2003, 17(2):136-144. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02424.x/abstract epdf http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02424.x/epdf
• Reichler M. et alii. Spaying-induced coat changes: the role of gonadotropins, GnRH and GnRH treatment on the hair cycle of female dogs. Veterinary Dermatology 2008, 19(2):77-87. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00652.x/full

Effets comportementaux de la castration

 

• Duffy D., Serpell J. Non-reproductive effects of spaying and neutering on behavior in dogs. Presentation summary and Powerpoint.2006. Pdf.
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• Podberscek A, Serpell J. The English Cocker Spaniel: preliminary findings on aggressive behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47:1-2, April 1996, pp.75-89. Résumé. PDF.
• Reisner I. et alii. National survey of owner-directed aggression in English Springer Spaniels. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. November 15, 2005, Vol. 227, No. 10, Pages 1594-1603. Résumé. PDF.
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• Zink C., Farhoody P. et alii. Evaluation of the risk and age of onset of cancer and behavioural disorders in gonadectomized Vizslas. JAVMA vol.244, n°3, Feb. 1, 2014, pp. 309-319. Résumé. PDF.
• Neilson J. et alii. Effects of castration on problem behaviors in male dogs with reference to age and duration of behavior. JAVMA 211 (2), 1997-07, p.180-182. Résumé. PDF.
• Maarschalkerweerd R. et alii. Influence of orchiectomy on canine behaviour. The Veterinary record, June 14, 1997:617-619. PDF.
• Hart B., Ekstein R. The role of gonadal hormones in the occurrence of objectionable behaviours in dogs and cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52 (1997) 331-344. Résumé & PDF.
• Salmeri K., Bloomberg M. et alii. Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1991, 198(7):1193-1203. Résumé. PDF.
• Farhoody P.et alii. Behavioral and Physical Effects of Spaying and Neutering Domestic Dogs (Canis Familiaris). 2010. Master Thesis, Hunter College.
• Kim H. et alii. Effects of ovariohysterectomy on reactivity in German Shepherds dogs. The veterinary Journal Vol.172 (1):154-159, July 2006. Résumé.
• Diamond Jed. The Irritable Male Syndrome: Understanding the 4 Key Causes of Depression and Aggression. Rodale Books 2004. Amazon Kindle.
• Podberscek A, Serpell J. The English Cocker Spaniel: preliminary findings on aggressive behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47:1-2, April 1996, pp.75-89. Résumé. PDF.
• Podberscek A, Serpell J. The English Cocker Spaniel: preliminary findings on aggressive behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47:1-2, April 1996, pp.75-89. Résumé. PDF.
• O’Farrell V., Peachey E. Behavioural effects of ovariohysterectomy on bitches. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1990, 31:595-596. Résumé.
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• Reisner I. et alii. National survey of owner-directed aggression in English Springer Spaniels. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. November 15, 2005, Vol. 227, No. 10, Pages 1594-1603. Résumé. PDF.
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Contraception et stérilisation

 

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• Vannuchi CI. Et alii. Effects of intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate and dimethyl sulfoxide on clinical, endocrinological, and reproductive parameters in dogs. Theriogenology Oct 15, 2015, Vol 84, Issue 7, p. 1103-1110. Résumé. PDF.